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Unlike prescription GLP-1 medications, dietary supplements are not required to demonstrate the same level of effectiveness before being marketed

In contrast, the gut microbiota responds by producing proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, or TNF alpha) that protect the host from pathogens [1, 12]

While an imbalance of increased energy intake and reduced physical activity is considered the primary cause of obesity, research in this field has also highlighted genetics, disease, and environmental factors as significant contributors to its development [2,3,4]

Laboratory assays often measure these effects using

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